Physical Properties Enhancement
Fillers are often chosen to improve specific physical properties of polymers, such as strength, stiffness, toughness, abrasion resistance, thermal conductivity, and dimensional stability. For example, reinforcing fillers like carbon black or silica are added to improve mechanical properties.
Cost-Effectiveness
Cost is a significant factor in selecting filler additives. Fillers are often cheaper than polymer resins, so their addition can reduce material costs while maintaining or enhancing performance.
Compatibility
Fillers should be compatible with the polymer matrix to ensure good dispersion and bonding. Poor compatibility can lead to issues like poor mechanical properties or degradation of the polymer.
Processability
Fillers should not adversely affect the processing characteristics of the polymer, such as melt viscosity, flowability, or moldability. Ideally, they should facilitate processing or impart desirable processing characteristics.
Chemical Properties
Fillers should not react chemically with the polymer matrix or other additives in ways that negatively impact the properties of the final product. In some cases, fillers may be selected for their chemical inertness to enhance chemical resistance.
Particle Size and Distribution
The particle size and distribution of fillers can significantly influence the properties of the polymer composite. Uniform particle size and distribution can lead to more consistent properties and improved performance.
Environmental and Health Considerations
Fillers should comply with environmental and health regulations. Toxicity, recyclability, and biodegradability of fillers are important factors to consider, especially in industries with strict environmental standards.
Aesthetics
In some cases, fillers may be added to modify the appearance of the polymer, such as adding pigments for coloration or pearlescent additives for visual effects.
Overall, the selection of filler additives involves a balance between these criteria to achieve the desired performance, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility for the intended application of the polymer composite.